<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.2d1 20170631//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd"> <ArticleSet> <Article> <Journal> <PublisherName>jmedicalcasereports</PublisherName> <JournalTitle>Frontiers in Medical Case Reports</JournalTitle> <PISSN>I</PISSN> <EISSN>S</EISSN> <Volume-Issue>Volume 3; Issue 3</Volume-Issue> <PartNumber/> <IssueTopic>Multidisciplinary</IssueTopic> <IssueLanguage>English</IssueLanguage> <Season>(May-Jun, 2022)</Season> <SpecialIssue>N</SpecialIssue> <SupplementaryIssue>N</SupplementaryIssue> <IssueOA>Y</IssueOA> <PubDate> <Year>-0001</Year> <Month>11</Month> <Day>30</Day> </PubDate> <ArticleType>Medical Case Reports</ArticleType> <ArticleTitle>Hepatic Encephalopathy: An Overview of Basic Concepts and Mechanisms</ArticleTitle> <SubTitle/> <ArticleLanguage>English</ArticleLanguage> <ArticleOA>Y</ArticleOA> <FirstPage>1</FirstPage> <LastPage>19</LastPage> <AuthorList> <Author> <FirstName>Abdelaati El</FirstName> <LastName>Khiat</LastName> <AuthorLanguage>English</AuthorLanguage> <Affiliation/> <CorrespondingAuthor>N</CorrespondingAuthor> <ORCID/> <FirstName>Omar El</FirstName> <LastName>Hiba</LastName> <AuthorLanguage>English</AuthorLanguage> <Affiliation/> <CorrespondingAuthor>Y</CorrespondingAuthor> <ORCID/> <FirstName>Abdelmohcine</FirstName> <LastName>Aimrane</LastName> <AuthorLanguage>English</AuthorLanguage> <Affiliation/> <CorrespondingAuthor>Y</CorrespondingAuthor> <ORCID/> <FirstName>Ahmed</FirstName> <LastName>Draoui</LastName> <AuthorLanguage>English</AuthorLanguage> <Affiliation/> <CorrespondingAuthor>Y</CorrespondingAuthor> <ORCID/> <FirstName>Arumugam Radhakrishnan</FirstName> <LastName>Jayakumar</LastName> <AuthorLanguage>English</AuthorLanguage> <Affiliation/> <CorrespondingAuthor>Y</CorrespondingAuthor> <ORCID/> <FirstName>Michael D.</FirstName> <LastName>Norenberg</LastName> <AuthorLanguage>English</AuthorLanguage> <Affiliation/> <CorrespondingAuthor>Y</CorrespondingAuthor> <ORCID/> <FirstName>Halima</FirstName> <LastName>Gamrani</LastName> <AuthorLanguage>English</AuthorLanguage> <Affiliation/> <CorrespondingAuthor>Y</CorrespondingAuthor> <ORCID/> </Author> </AuthorList> <DOI/> <Abstract>The liver failure induced encephalopathy is commonly referred as hepatic encephalopathy (HE). For many decades, scientists have tried to describe the symptoms of this disorder revealing a spectrum with different types of HE. Studies on the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of HE have implicated several factors, mainly neurotoxins, including ammonia, manganese, in addition to changes in various physiological factors, especially an imbalance between true and false neurotransmitters, as well as the involvement of various pro-inflammatory mediators. Such changes impact on the brain, which promote disorders in glia and neurons. This review focuses on the most relevant basic pathophysiologic mechanisms associated with HE.</Abstract> <AbstractLanguage>English</AbstractLanguage> <Keywords>Hepatic Encephalopathy,Pathophysiology,Liver Failure,Ammonia</Keywords> <URLs> <Abstract>https://www.jmedicalcasereports.org/ubijournal-v1copy/journals/abstract.php?article_id=13698&title=Hepatic Encephalopathy: An Overview of Basic Concepts and Mechanisms</Abstract> </URLs> <References> <ReferencesarticleTitle>References</ReferencesarticleTitle> <ReferencesfirstPage>16</ReferencesfirstPage> <ReferenceslastPage>19</ReferenceslastPage> <References>Aggarwal A, Vaidya S, Shah S, Singh J, Desai S, Bhatt M. Reversible Parkinsonism and T1W pallidal hyperintensities in acute liver failure. Mov Disord Off J Mov Disord Soc 2006; 21: 1986–1990. Aschner M, Gannon M, Kimelberg HK. Manganese uptake and efflux in cultured rat astrocytes. J Neurochem 1992; 58: 730–735. Basile AS, Jones EA, Skolnick P. 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